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Codex Vaticanus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Sinaiticus Septuagint Manuscripts online

July 9, 2016 6 Comments

The Septuagint (from the Latin septuaginta, “seventy”) is a translation of the Hebrew Bible and some related texts into Koine Greek. The title (Greek: Ἡ μετάφρασις τῶν Ἑβδομήκοντα, lit. “The Translation of the Seventy”) and its Roman numeral acronym LXX refer to the legendary seventy Jewish elders who solely translated the Five Books of Moses into Koine Greek at the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, (285–247 BCE) for the library in Alexandria, Egypt and the Jewish Community of Alexandria in general, most of whom did not speak Hebrew. The story of the elders being invited to Egypt and writing the translation is mentioned in The Letter of Aristeas, Josephus (Ant. Jud., XII, ii), Philo (De vita Moysis, II, vi), and the Babylonian Talmud (Megillah 9a-9b).

Today, there are three main manuscripts of the Septuagint, in existence: Codex Alexandrinus, Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus. The manuscripts include all of the Tanach and some additional apocryphal books that used to be in the Hebrew Bible, but were removed from it during the Talmudic period. All three manuscripts are available online now.

1) Codex Sinaiticus (dispersed between 4 libraries)

Description of Codex Sinaiticus from the British Library Website:

What is the Codex Sinaiticus?

The literal meaning of ‘Codex Sinaiticus’ is the Sinai Book. The word ‘Sinaiticus’ derives from the fact that the Codex was preserved for many centuries at St Catherine’s Monastery near the foot of Mount Sinai in Egypt.

The Codex is the remains of a huge hand-written book that contained all the Christian scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, together with two late first-century Christian texts, the Shepherd of Hermas and the Epistle of Barnabas. This book was made up of over 1,460 pages, each of which measured approximately 41cm tall and 36cm wide.

Just over half of the original book has survived, now dispersed between four institutions: St Catherine’s Monastery, the British Library, Leipzig University Library (Germany), and the National Library of Russia in St Petersburg. At the British Library the largest surviving portion – 347 leaves, or 694 pages – includes the whole of the New Testament.

All the texts written down in the Codex are in Greek. They include the translation of the Old Testament known as the Septuagint. The Greek text is written using a form of capital or upper case letters known as Biblical majuscule and without word division. The pages of the Codex are of prepared animal skin called parchment.

Who made the Codex Sinaiticus?

Modern scholars have identified four scribes as responsible for writing the Greek text. Trained to write in very similar ways they, and their contributions to the manuscript, have been distinguished only after painstaking analysis of their handwriting, spelling and method of marking the end of each of the books of the Bible.

As is the case with most manuscripts of this antiquity, we do not know either the names of these scribes or the exact place in which they worked. Successive critics have argued that it was made in one of the great cities of the Greco-Roman world, such as Alexandria, Constantinople, or Caesarea in Palestine.

During the production of the Codex each of the scribes corrected their own work and one of them corrected and rewrote parts by another. These corrections contain many significant alterations and, together with further extensive corrections undertaken probably in the seventh century, are some of the most interesting features of the manuscript.

How did the Codex come to the British Library?

The 694 pages held by the British Library were purchased for the British nation in 1933. Over half of the price paid, £100,000, was raised by means of a public fund-raising campaign. The seller, the Soviet government of Joseph Stalin, sold the Codex to obtain desperately needed foreign capital.

2) Codex Alexandrinus (British Library, Royal MS 1 D VII)

So far the British library put online only the text of volume 4 which contains only the New Testament. The Septuagint is still not online. However The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts has posted the images for all the volumes online in Black and White from the 1879 and 1909 facsimiles published by the British Museum.

Description of Codex Alexandrinus from the British Library Website:

The Codex Alexandrinus contains the Septuagint (the Koine Greek version of the Old Testament) and the New Testament, in addition to a few additional pieces of text that do not appear in standard Bibles, such as part of the Epistles of Clement. The beginning lines of each book are written in red ink and sections within the book are marked by a larger letter set into the margin. Words are written continuously in a large square uncial hand with no accents and only some breathing marks. It contains 773 pages, 630 for the Old Testament and 143 for the New Testament. Each page measures 32cm x 26.5 cm.

3) Codex Vaticanus (Vatican Library, Vat, Gr. 1209)

Description of Codex Vaticanus from Wikipedia:

Codex Vaticanus is one of the oldest extant manuscripts of the Greek Bible (Old and New Testament). The Codex is named after its place of conservation in the Vatican Library, where it has been kept since at least the 15th century. It is written on 759 leaves of vellum in uncial letters and has been dated palaeographically to the 4th century.

The manuscript is believed to have been housed in Caesarea in the 6th century, together with the Codex Sinaiticus, as they have the same unique divisions of chapters in the Acts. It came to Italy – probably from Constantinople – after the Council of Florence (1438–1445).

The manuscript has been housed in the Vatican Library (founded by Pope Nicholas V in 1448) for as long as it has been known, appearing in the library’s earliest catalog of 1475 (with shelf number 1209), and in the 1481 catalog. In a catalog from 1481 it was described as a “Biblia in tribus columnis ex membranis in rubeo” (three-column vellum Bible).


If you would like to read the Septuagint in English you can purchase the translation by Lancelot Brenton or by Oxford University Press below.

Buy This Book from AbeBooks.com

The Septuagint with Apocrypha

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Buy This Book from AbeBooks.com

A New English Translation of the Septuagint

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Buy This Book from Book Depository, Free Delivery World Wide

The Septuagint with Apocrypha

Buy This Book from Book Depository, Free Delivery World Wide

Buy This Book from Book Depository, Free Delivery World Wide

A New English Translation of the Septuagint

Buy This Book from Book Depository, Free Delivery World Wide

London Codex Masoretic Tanach Manuscript Or 4445

July 4, 2016 Leave a Comment

London Codex Masoretic Tanach Manuscript Or 4445 is online on the British Library’s website. I have quoted the description from their website:

Torah: Pentateuch with vowel-points and accents, masorah magna and parva, aka London Codex. Folios 1-28, 125, 128, and 159-186 were added in 1539/1540, while the rest of the volume can be dated to the 10th century (920-950). The upper perpendicular stroke of the letter lamed is considerably lengthened out in the first line of a page. The left side of the columns is irregular, the scribed not having used the elongated letters. Verse-divisions were originally altogether absent in this codex (whereas they are regularly employed in Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus, which marks the difference between these two manuscripts). Parts of letter aleph are generally used to fill up the line, perhaps to show that the name of the scribe began with that letter (there is no sufficient certainty on the point). The punctuation, which seems to be contemporary with the consonantal text, is not the super-linear system used in Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus, but the ordinary system associated with the Tiberian school. The text of this manuscript is identical with the Palestinian or Western recension on which the textus receptus is based, and differs from the Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus, which contains many readings attributed to the Babylonian or Eastern recension. There is considerable divergence between this text and the commonly accepted masoretic recension with regard to the open and closed sections (petuḥot and setumot). The number of verses in each book and each weekly section are given at the end of the books and sections respectively; no simanim or mnemonic devices are used, and there are also some divergences from the numbers as given in the masorah. The simanim are only marked twice, but the beginnings of the weekly sections are indicated by a later hand in the margins. Both masorah magna and parva were probably written up to a century later that the text. The later annotations seem to prove the Persian affinities of the manuscript. The masorah parva does not generally indicate קרי in the margins. The masorah magna frequently has a different way of expressing the masoretic statements than the one found in Ginsburg’s ‘ The Massorah’ (London, 1880). There are several references to masoretic authorities, including Ben Asher (see folio 40v, 106r). On folio 40r there is a statement indicating that there once existed a whole Bible written by the same scribe and punctuated by the same punctuator. Colophon : Folio 186v: נשלם ביום ג’ בשבת דהוא י”ז יומין לירח מרחשון דשנת אלפא ותמני מאה וחמשין וחד שנין למניין שטרות אנ”ס וכתב הצעיר מכל ישראל יועץ ש[?ל?] ודורש עזרת ה[?אל? …] מפחו בן [ … בן מ[…].

Welcome to Tanach Online

June 14, 2016 Leave a Comment

Welcome to Tanach Online. I will be posting audio shiurim on Joshua in batches as the class progresses. Also, I have added interactive maps for Joshua, as well as a list of commentaries available online.

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